Human Clones

Clones have already been here for years, first 2 clones where eve & adam I found eve's story from cbs. I remember reading it in 2002 her story one of the first clone that's why I knew how to find her story, and share it with some of you that dind't know. I could not find adam's story, but did find a book of him you can purchase. Some of this stuff im reading now is bogus, there saying other people just recent was the first clone, don't belive that, cloning has been here for a very long time.

 Human cloning is the creation of a genetically identical copy of a human (not usually referring to monozygotic multiple births), human cell, or human tissue. The ethics of cloning is an extremely controversial issue. The term is generally used to refer to artificial human cloning; human clones in the form of identical twins are commonplace, with their cloning occurring during the natural process of reproduction. There are two commonly discussed types of human cloning: therapeutic cloning and reproductive cloning. Therapeutic cloning involves cloning cells from an adult for use in medicine and is an active area of research, while reproductive cloning would involve making cloned humans. Such reproductive cloning has not been performed and is illegal in many countries. A third type of cloning called replacement cloning is a theoretical possibility, and would be a combination of therapeutic and reproductive cloning. Replacement cloning would entail the replacement of an extensively damaged, failed, or failing body through cloning followed by whole or partial brain transplant.

 History

Although the possibility of cloning humans has been the subject of speculation for much of the twentieth century, scientists and policy makers began to take the prospect seriously in the 1960s. Nobel Prize winning geneticist Joshua Lederberg advocated for cloning and genetic engineering in a seminal article in the American Naturalist in 1966 and again, the following year, in the Washington Post. He sparked a debate with conservative bioethicist Leon Kass, who wrote at the time that "the programmed reproduction of man will, in fact, dehumanize him." Another Nobel Laureate, James D. Watson, publicized the potential and the perils of cloning in his Atlantic Monthly essay, "Moving Toward the Clonal Man", in 1971.

The technology of cloning mammals, although far from reliable, has reached the point where many scientists are knowledgeable, the literature is readily available, and the implementation of the technology is not very expensive compared to many other scientific processes. For that reason Lewis D. Eigen has argued that human cloning attempts will be made in the next few years and may well have been already begun. The ethical and moral issues cannot wait and should be discussed, debated and guidelines and laws be developed now.

 Doctor Claims He Cloned Human Embryos

 Ethical implications

See also: Ethics of cloning

Advocates of human therapeutic cloning believe the practice could provide genetically identical cells for inter-regenerative medicine, and tissues and organs for transplantation. Such cells, tissues and organs would neither trigger an immune response nor require the use of Immunosuppressive drugs Both basic research and therapeutic development for serious diseases such as cancer, heart disease and diabetes, as well as improvements in burn treatment and reconstructive and cosmetic surgery, are areas that might benefit from such new technology. New York University bioethicist Jacob M. Appel has argued that "children cloned for therapeutic purposes" such as "to donate bone marrow to a sibling with leukemia" might someday be viewed as heroes.

Proponents claim that human reproductive cloning also would produce benefits. Severino Antinori and Panayiotis Zavos hope to create a fertility treatment that allows parents who are both infertile to have children with at least some of their DNA in their offspring.

Some scientists, including Dr. Richard Seed, suggest that human cloning might obviate the human aging process. Dr. Preston Estep has suggested the terms "replacement cloning" to describe the generation of a clone of a previously living person, and "persistence cloning" to describe the production of a cloned body for the purpose of obviating aging, although he maintains that such procedures currently should be considered science fiction [citation needed] and current cloning techniques risk producing a prematurely aged child.

In Aubrey de Grey's proposed SENS (Strategies for Engineered Negligible Senescence), one of the considered options to repair the cell depletion related to cellular senescence is to grow replacement tissues from stem cells harvested from a cloned embryo.

Opponents of human cloning argue that the process will likely lead to severely disabled children.For example, bioethicist Thomas Murray of the Hastings Center argues that "it is absolutely inevitable that groups are going to try to clone a human being. But they are going to create a lot of dead and dying babies along the way." In other words, because of the difficulty of cloning any living animal, it is likely that there would be a great number of failures in the creation of a living human clone, such as clones without viable immune systems or other gross genetic failures.

 In popular culture

Cloning is a recurring theme in contemporary science fiction. Examples include the novels Joshua Son of None (about the cloning of an assassinated U.S. President strongly implied to be John F. Kennedy) and The Boys from Brazil (cloning Adolf Hitler), as well as the Star Wars films and TV series The Clone Wars. The 2000 Arnold Schwarzenegger film The 6th Day and 2005 The Island, directed by Michael Bay, also explores the theme of human cloning. An episode of Star Trek: Enterprise (Similitude) deals with the moral and ethical issues surrounding growing a human clone to harvest tissue for an injured crewman.

The famous video game franchise Metal Gear Solid, also revolves around the concept of cloning and genetic alteration. In Margaret Peterson Haddix's novel Double Identity, Bethany is an exact copy of her deceased older sister Elizabeth. The young adult sci-fi novel The House of the Scorpion, by Nancy Farmer, also explores the idea of cloning.

In The Super Dimension Fortress Macross (1982) anime series the Earth is attacked by an alien humanoid race of giants called Zentradi who are reproduced by cloning. This series was adapted years later into the first part of Robotech (1985), where the aliens remained the same but had a different origin.

Human cloning also gained a foothold in popular culture, starting in the 1970s. Alvin Toffler's Future Shock, David Rorvik's In his Image: The Cloning of a Man, Woody Allen's film Sleeper and The Boys from Brazil all helped to make the public aware of the ethical issues surrounding human cloning

 Religious objections

The Roman Catholic Church, under the papacy of Benedict XVI, has condemned the practice of human cloning, in the magisterial instruction Dignitas Personae, stating that it represents a "grave offense to the dignity of that person as well as to the fundamental equality of all people".

Human Cloning is forbidden in Islam. The Islamic Fiqh Academy, in its Tenth Conference proceedings, which was convened in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia in the period from June 28, 1997 to July 3, 1997, issued a Fatw? stating that human cloning is haraam (prohibited by the faith)

ARNOLD supports cloning!!! ~ (CBS)

Eve The First Human Clone dec 27 of 2002

A scientist's announcement Friday that her group had produced the first cloned human being triggered skepticism from researchers, condemnation from some religious groups and a federal investigation.

The 7-pound baby was born Thursday by Caesarean section and will be home in three days, said Brigitte Boisselier, a chemist and CEO of Clonaid, the company that did the experiment. She wouldn't say where the baby was born; she did say the birth was at 11:55 a.m. local time.

Boisselier said the baby, dubbed "Eve" by the scientists, is a clone of a 31-year-old American woman and was born outside the United States, but wouldn't specify where.

The woman donated the DNA for the cloning process, had the resulting embryo implanted and then gestated the baby, Boisselier said. If confirmed, that would make the child an exact genetic duplicate of her mother — the same as an identical twin.

Boisselier, who wouldn't reveal any names, said the mother had resorted to cloning because her husband was infertile.

"The baby is very healthy," she said. "The parents are happy. I hope that you remember them when you talk about this baby — not like a monster, like some results of something that is disgusting.

" Boisselier did not immediately present DNA evidence showing a genetic match between mother and daughter. Boisselier said results would come within nine days.

"You can still go back to your office and treat me as a fraud," she said. "You have one week to do that.

" As CBS News Correspondent Jim Axelrod reports, if Boisselier is telling the truth, life as we know it is history.

However, Boisselier refused to say where the baby was born, identify her parents, or even provide a picture.

Ethicist Jonathan Moreno is troubled by so much of today's announcement. At the top of his list are the problems seen in animals that have been cloned so far, which makes Boisselier's claims of good health for the baby premature at best.

"There are people who have basically told the scientific world to take a hike," says Moreno.

"We know from farm animals that they've had problems with their neurological systems, that they've had tumors, that they've had problems of premature aging. So we don't really know what the health consequences are going to be for this child," he tells Axelrod.

Clearly, the announcement is creating a flood of questions: ethical, medical, political, religious -- some which belonged solely to the field of science fiction up to this point.

Most scientists, already skeptical of Boisellier's ability to produce a human clone, will probably demand to know exactly how the DNA testing was done before they believe the announcement.

"We'll wait and see, I guess. I'm still a skeptic and I'm hoping that it's not true," said University of Georgia cloning expert Steve Stice.

In Rome, fertility doctor Severino Antinori, who said weeks ago that a cloned baby boy would be born in January, dismissed Clonaid's claims and said the group has no scientific credibility.

Clonaid was founded in the Bahamas in 1997 by Claude Vorilhon, a former French journalist and leader of a group called the Raelians. Vorilhon and his followers claim aliens visiting him in the 1970s revealed they had created all life on Earth through genetic engineering.

Cloning produces a new individual using only one person's DNA. The process is technically difficult but conceptually simple. Scientists remove the genetic material from an unfertilized egg, then introduce new DNA from a cell of the animal to be cloned. Under the proper conditions, the egg begins dividing into new cells according to the instructions in the introduced DNA.

Legislation or guidelines to ban human cloning are pending in dozens of nations, including the United States. Several countries, including Britain, Israel, Japan and Germany, already have banned it. There is no specific law against it in the United States, but the Food and Drug Administration contends it must approve any human experiments in this country.

The House passed a bill in 2001 making it illegal to "perform or attempt to perform human cloning … participate in an attempt to perform human cloning … (or) ship or receive for any purpose an embryo produced by human cloning or any product derived from such embryo." The Senate has yet to act on a ban. It is considered one of the president's priorities for the next session of Congress.

In Washington, a senior FDA official said Friday that the agency would probe whether any U.S. law was broken involving human experiments.

So far scientists have succeeded in cloning sheep, mice, cows, pigs, goats and cats. Many scientists say cloning is too risky because of abnormalities seen in cloned animals.

Among the possible pitfalls are premature aging and other health problems.

"There's just not enough animal studies that have been completed to verify the safety of it," said Mark Westhusin, a professor at Texas A&M University who has cloned cattle and cats. He added that if the claim is genuine, "I think they're taking a big risk in terms of health hazards to the child.

" Moral issues are also paramount in the debate. While advocates of cloning say it has the potential to create organs for life-saving transplant operations, opponents — many of them also opposed to abortion rights — believe cloning interferes with natural law.

In addition, some object because the process of cloning could involve "the creation and destruction of human embryos on a massive scale," says the U.S. Conference of Catholic Bishops.

Reacting to the news, the Southern Baptist convention warned of the dangers of rogue scientists, while an orthodox Jewish group cautioned against overreaction since there is still no proof of the cloning.

Boisselier said she expects four more babies — from North America, Europe and two from Asia — to be born in a few weeks. Two of the couples are using preserved cells taken from their own children before their deaths, and one is a lesbian couple, she said.

Boisselier said 20 more cloning attempts were planned for January Human cloning: why is there a fuss? (Lee Silver)

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